Course

Surveying

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

This course on Surveying, also known as Geoinformatics, covers essential topics for understanding and conducting accurate surveying practices.

Course topics include:

  1. INTRODUCTION:
    • Geoinformatics- definition, disciplines covered, importance.
    • Field Surveying- definition & objectives; concept of Geoid and reference spheroids, coordinate systems, plane and geodetic surveys.
    • Methods of location of a point- classification of surveys; principles of surveying.
    • Errors in measurements- sources, types of errors and their treatment. Random error distribution, accuracy, precision and uncertainty. Surveying instruments- temporary and permanent adjustment concept, principle of reversal.
    • Maps- types, importance, scales/CI, conventional symbols, and generalization; topographic maps, map projection systems, sheet numbering systems, and map layout.
  2. LINEAR MEASUREMENTS:
    • Direct and indirect methods; Chain and tape measurements- corrections to tape measurements; Optical methods- tacheometers, sub tense bar; Electronic methods- EDMs, total stations.
  3. MEASUREMENT OF ELEVATIONS:
    • Various terms; Methods of height determination; Spirit leveling- different types of levels and staves; booking and reduction of data, classification and permissible closing error; profile leveling and cross sectioning; curvature & refraction and collimation errors; reciprocal leveling.
    • Contours- characteristics, uses and methods of contouring.
  4. MEASUREMENT OF DIRECTIONS:
    • Bearings and angles; Compass surveying- magnetic bearings, declination, local attraction errors and adjustments; Theodolites- different types, uses, methods of observation and booking of data.
  5. TRAVERSING, TRIANGULATION AND TRILATERATION:
    • Purpose and classification of each; Compass and theodolite traverses- balancing of traverses, computation of coordinates, omitted measurements. Triangulation- network, strength of figures, field work- accuracy, selection of stations, inter-visibility, satellite stations, measurements and computations; trigonometrical leveling.
  6. PLANE TABLING:
    • Merits and demerits, accessories; orientation and resection; methods of plane tabling; three point problem and solutions; errors in plane tabling.
  7. ADJUSTMENT COMPUTATIONS:
    • Propagation of errors, variance and covariance; Least squares principle and adjustment of field survey data by parametric and condition equation methods.
  8. PROJECT SURVEYS:
    • Engineering project surveys- requirements and specifications, various stages of survey work, and setting out of works- buildings, culverts, and simple circular curves.
Course Lectures
  • In this module, we will explore the fundamental concepts of surveying and geoinformatics. Students will learn about the definitions and objectives of field surveying, as well as the importance of geoinformatics in various disciplines. Key topics include:

    • Definition and importance of Geoinformatics
    • Concept of the Geoid, reference spheroids, and coordinate systems
    • Types of surveys and principles of surveying
    • Sources and types of errors in measurements
    • Types of maps, map scales, and conventional symbols
  • This module focuses on linear measurements, a critical aspect of surveying. Students will learn about the various direct and indirect methods used to measure distances. Key topics covered in this module include:

    • Direct measurement methods: Chains and tapes
    • Corrections to tape measurements
    • Optical measurement methods: Tacheometers and sub tense bars
    • Electronic measurement methods: EDMs and total stations

    Through practical examples, students will understand the importance of accuracy in linear measurements.

  • This module delves into the measurement of elevations, an essential component of surveying. Students will learn about different methods to determine height and understand various types of leveling. Key topics include:

    • Spirit leveling: Different types of levels and staves
    • Booking and reduction of data
    • Classification of leveling and permissible closing errors
    • Methods of contouring and their applications
    • Errors related to curvature, refraction, and collimation

    Students will gain a thorough understanding of how to handle elevation data accurately.

  • This module covers the measurement of directions, another vital aspect of surveying. Students will explore various concepts and tools used to determine bearings and angles. Key topics include:

    • Understanding bearings and angles in surveying
    • Compass surveying techniques: Magnetic bearings and adjustments
    • Different types of Theodolites and their uses
    • Methods for observing and booking data

    Through practical exercises, students will learn how to accurately measure directions in the field.

  • This module examines the concepts of traversing, triangulation, and trilateration, which are essential for accurate surveying. Here, students will learn the purpose and classification of each method. Key topics include:

    • Understanding compass and Theodolite traverses
    • Balancing of traverses and computational methods
    • The principles of triangulation and network strength
    • Fieldwork requirements: visibility, station selection, and measurements

    Students will also gain insights into the practical applications of these methods in surveying projects.

  • This module focuses on plane tabling, a graphical method of surveying. Students will explore the merits and demerits of this technique. Key topics include:

    • Accessories used in plane tabling
    • Orientation techniques and resection methods
    • Methods of plane tabling, including the three-point problem
    • Common errors encountered in plane tabling

    Through hands-on activities, students will learn how to effectively use plane tabling for surveying tasks.

  • Module 3 - Lecture 1 Surveying
    Dr. Bharat Lohani

    This module covers adjustment computations, a critical skill for any surveyor. Students will learn about the propagation of errors and the principles of the least squares method. Key topics include:

    • Understanding variance and covariance in survey data
    • Least squares principle for data adjustment
    • Adjusting field survey data through parametric and condition equations

    Practical examples will highlight the importance of error adjustment in achieving accurate survey results.

  • Module 3 Lecture 2 Surveying
    Dr. Bharat Lohani

    This module focuses on the foundational concepts of surveying and geoinformatics, exploring the significance of these fields in various applications.

    Key topics include:

    • Definition and importance of Geoinformatics.
    • Field Surveying objectives and concepts.
    • Classification of surveys and methods of location determination.
    • Understanding errors in measurements and their treatment.
    • Different types of maps, their significance, and map projections.
  • Module 3 Lecture 3 Surveying
    Dr. Bharat Lohani

    This module delves into linear measurements, covering various methods used in surveying. Understanding these techniques is crucial for accurate measurements.

    Topics include:

    1. Direct and indirect measurement methods.
    2. Chain and tape measurements with corrections.
    3. Optical methods such as tacheometers and sub tense bars.
    4. Electronic methods including EDMs and total stations.
  • Module 3 Lecture 4 Surveying
    Dr. Bharat Lohani

    This module focuses on the measurement of elevations, a critical aspect of surveying that ensures accurate terrain representation.

    Key areas covered include:

    • Definitions and terms related to height determination.
    • Spirit leveling techniques and different types of leveling equipment.
    • Data booking and reduction methods.
    • Understanding contours, their characteristics, and contouring methods.
  • This module addresses the measurement of directions, essential for establishing accurate survey lines and angles in fieldwork.

    Topics include:

    • Bearings and angles in surveying.
    • Compass surveying and magnetic bearings.
    • Errors related to declination and local attraction.
    • Types and uses of theodolites in survey observations.
  • This module focuses on traversing, triangulation, and trilateration methods, which are fundamental techniques in surveying for establishing control points.

    Key topics discussed include:

    • The purpose and classification of traversing methods.
    • Balancing of compass and theodolite traverses.
    • Triangulation network concepts and field work considerations.
    • Measurements and computations involved in trigonometrical leveling.
  • This module covers plane tabling, an essential surveying method that allows for the direct representation of terrain features in the field.

    Topics include:

    • Merits and demerits of plane tabling.
    • Accessories used in plane tabling.
    • Orientation and resection methods for accurate plotting.
    • Solutions to the three-point problem and errors associated with plane tabling.
  • This module discusses adjustment computations, crucial for ensuring the accuracy and precision of survey data through statistical methods.

    Key concepts include:

    • Propagation of errors and their impact on survey results.
    • Understanding variance and covariance in field data.
    • Application of the least squares principle for data adjustment.
    • Methods of adjusting field survey data using parametric and condition equation methods.
  • This module focuses on the essential concepts of surveying, introducing key definitions and objectives. Participants will learn about geoinformatics, including its importance and various disciplines it encompasses.

    The course covers:

    • Field surveying concepts such as geoid, reference spheroids, and coordinate systems.
    • Methods for locating points and the principles governing surveying.
    • Common sources and types of measurement errors, along with methods for their treatment.
    • An overview of different types of maps, their scales, symbols, and generalization.
  • Module 5 Lecture 4 Surveying
    Dr. Bharat Lohani

    This module delves into linear measurements, covering both direct and indirect methods. Participants will gain hands-on experience with:

    • Chain and tape measurements, including necessary corrections.
    • Optical methods such as tacheometers and subtense bars.
    • Electronic methods, focusing on Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) devices and total stations.

    By the end of this module, students will be proficient in various measurement techniques essential for accurate surveying.

  • Module 5 Lecture 5 Surveying
    Dr. Bharat Lohani

    This module covers the measurement of elevations and the various methods used to determine height. Key topics include:

    • Spirit leveling techniques utilizing different types of levels and staves.
    • Data booking and reduction, as well as classification and permissible closing errors.
    • Methods of contouring, including characteristics and practical applications.

    Students will also understand the significance of curvature, refraction, and collimation errors in elevation measurement.

  • Module 5 Lecture 6 Surveying
    Dr. Bharat Lohani

    This module focuses on measuring directions in surveying, providing a comprehensive overview of:

    • Bearings and angles relevant to surveying practices.
    • Compass surveying, including magnetic bearings and adjustments for local attraction errors.
    • Theodolite usage, types, and methods for observation and data booking.

    Through practical exercises, students will develop skills necessary for accurate direction measurement in various surveying scenarios.

  • Module 6 Lecture 1 Surveying
    Dr. Bharat Lohani

    This module addresses traversing, triangulation, and trilateration in surveying. Students will explore:

    • The purpose and classification of different types of traverses, including compass and theodolite traverses.
    • Balancing traverses and the computation of coordinates.
    • The principles of triangulation, network formation, and the significance of inter-visibility.
    • Measurements, computations, and trigonometrical leveling techniques.

    By the end of this module, participants will understand how to effectively apply these techniques in real-world surveying projects.

  • Module 6 Lecture 2 Surveying
    Dr. Bharat Lohani

    This module introduces plane tabling, discussing its merits and demerits while providing insight into various accessories used. Key topics include:

    • Orientation and resection methods.
    • Different methods of plane tabling and how to approach the three-point problem.
    • Potential errors in plane tabling and strategies for mitigation.

    Students will engage in practical exercises to gain foundational skills in plane tabling techniques.

  • Module 6 Lecture 3 Surveying
    Dr. Bharat Lohani

    This module covers adjustment computations in surveying, focusing on the propagation of errors and the principles of least squares. Students will learn:

    • The concepts of variance and covariance in survey data adjustment.
    • Methods for adjusting field survey data using parametric and condition equation techniques.

    Participants will gain the skills necessary to analyze and refine survey data for enhanced accuracy and reliability.

  • Module 7 Lecture 1 Surveying
    Dr. Bharat Lohani

    This module delves into the foundational aspects of surveying, introducing the concept of Geoinformatics and its significance in various disciplines.

    Key areas covered include:

    • Definition and importance of Geoinformatics
    • Field surveying objectives and concepts
    • Classification of surveys and principles of surveying
    • Understanding sources and types of errors in measurements
    • Different types of maps, their scales, and conventional symbols

    By the end of this module, students will have a solid understanding of the principles and practices that underpin surveying and geoinformatics.

  • Module 7 Lecture 2 Surveying
    Dr. Bharat Lohani

    This module focuses on the methods of linear measurements, which are essential for accurate surveying. It covers both direct and indirect methods.

    Topics include:

    • Chain and tape measurements with necessary corrections
    • Optical methods such as tacheometers and subtense bars
    • Electronic methods, including Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) and total stations

    Students will learn how to apply these techniques effectively in various surveying scenarios for precise data collection.

  • Module 7 Lecture 3 Surveying
    Dr. Bharat Lohani

    This module addresses the methods for measuring elevations, a crucial aspect of surveying that ensures accurate representation of terrain.

    The content covers:

    • Essential terminology related to elevation measurement
    • Various methods for height determination
    • Spirit leveling techniques, types of levels, and data reduction
    • Understanding contours, their characteristics, and contouring methods

    Students will gain practical skills in leveling and contouring, which are vital for creating topographic maps.

  • Module 7 Lecture 4 Surveying
    Dr. Bharat Lohani

    In this module, students will explore the measurement of directions in surveying, a key skill for accurate positioning and navigation.

    Topics discussed include:

    • Bearings and angles fundamental to directional measurement
    • Compass surveying techniques, including magnetic bearings and declination
    • Theodolites: types, uses, and observation methods

    This module will equip students with the knowledge to effectively use various instruments for measuring angles and bearings in the field.

  • Module 7 Lecture 5 Surveying
    Dr. Bharat Lohani

    This module covers traversing, triangulation, and trilateration techniques, which are essential for creating accurate survey maps and establishing control networks.

    Key topics include:

    • Purpose and classification of traverses, including compass and theodolite traverses
    • Balancing traverses and computing coordinates
    • Triangulation principles, network configurations, and fieldwork practices

    Students will learn to apply these techniques in various surveying projects to ensure accurate data collection and mapping.

  • Module 8 Lecture 1 Surveying
    Dr. Bharat Lohani

    This module introduces plane tabling, a direct method of surveying that allows for real-time mapping of the terrain.

    Topics include:

    • Merits and demerits of plane tabling
    • Essential accessories and methods used in plane tabling
    • Orientation, resection, and solving the three-point problem

    By the end of this module, students will be familiar with the practical applications of plane tabling in field surveys.

  • Module 8 Lecture 2 Surveying
    Dr. Bharat Lohani

    This module focuses on adjustment computations, which are critical for ensuring accuracy in survey data by analyzing errors and applying corrections.

    Key areas include:

    • Propagation of errors and understanding variance and covariance
    • Least squares principle for adjusting field survey data
    • Parametric and condition equation methods for data adjustment

    Students will develop a strong foundation in statistical methods for analyzing and correcting survey data discrepancies.

  • Module 9 Lecture 1 Surveying
    Dr. Bharat Lohani

    This module covers the fundamental concepts of surveying, including an introduction to geoinformatics and field surveying techniques. Key topics include:

    • Definition and importance of Geoinformatics
    • Objectives and principles of Field Surveying
    • Classification of surveys and methods for locating points
    • Sources and types of errors in measurements with treatment methods
    • Different types of maps, their importance, and map projection systems

    By engaging with this content, students will develop a solid foundation in surveying methodologies and learn to navigate various surveying instruments effectively.

  • Module 9 Lecture 2 Surveying
    Dr. Bharat Lohani

    This module focuses on linear measurement techniques used in surveying. Students will explore:

    • Direct and indirect measurement methods
    • Chain and tape measurements, including corrections
    • Optical measurement methods such as tacheometers
    • Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) and total stations

    Understanding these measurement techniques is crucial for accurate data collection and will enhance students' practical skills in the field.

  • Module 9 Lecture 3 Surveying
    Dr. Bharat Lohani

    This module delves into the measurement of elevations, focusing on various techniques and concepts. Key elements include:

    • Different methods of height determination
    • Spirit leveling techniques and equipment
    • Data booking and reduction, including permissible errors
    • Understanding contours, their characteristics, and contouring methods

    By mastering these concepts, students will be equipped to perform elevation measurements accurately and interpret contour maps effectively.

  • Module 9 Lecture 4 Surveying
    Dr. Bharat Lohani

    This module covers the measurement of directions in surveying, including the principles of bearings and angles. Topics include:

    • Compass surveying methods and magnetic bearings
    • Understanding declination and local attraction errors
    • Types and uses of theodolites
    • Methods of observation and data booking

    Students will learn how to accurately measure directions and utilize various instruments to ensure reliable outcomes in their surveying projects.

  • Module 9 Lecture 5 Surveying
    Dr. Bharat Lohani

    This module focuses on traversing, triangulation, and trilateration, essential techniques for establishing control networks in surveying. Topics covered include:

    • Purpose and classification of traversing methods
    • Compass and theodolite traverses, including balancing techniques
    • Triangulation networks and their fieldwork considerations
    • Trigonometrical leveling methods

    Students will gain practical knowledge in managing and executing these surveying techniques for accurate positioning and mapping.

  • Module 10 Lecture 1 Surveying
    Dr. Bharat Lohani

    This module introduces the concept of plane tabling in surveying, exploring its methodology and applications. Key topics include:

    • Merits and demerits of plane tabling
    • Essential accessories for plane tabling
    • Orientation and resection techniques
    • The three-point problem and its solutions

    By the end of this module, students will be adept at using plane tabling as a practical method for surveying and mapping.

  • Module 11 Lecture 1 Surveying
    Dr. Bharat Lohani

    This module presents adjustment computations in surveying, focusing on error propagation and correction methods. Key content includes:

    • Understanding variance and covariance in measurements
    • The Least Squares principle in data adjustment
    • Methods for adjusting field survey data using parametric equations
    • Condition equation methods for improved accuracy

    Students will acquire essential skills in processing survey data, ensuring reliability and precision in their measurements.

  • Module 11 Lecture 2 Surveying
    Dr. Bharat Lohani

    This module covers essential concepts in Surveying through Lecture 2. Topics include:

    • Geoinformatics definitions and significance
    • Field surveying objectives and methodologies
    • Understanding errors in measurements and their implications
    • The role of various surveying instruments

    Students will gain insights into the importance of map types, scales, conventional symbols, and the generalization process in surveying. The module aims to equip learners with foundational knowledge necessary for practical surveying applications.

  • Module 11 Lecture 3 Surveying
    Dr. Bharat Lohani

    Module 3 introduces direct and indirect linear measurement methods. Key points covered include:

    • Chain and tape measurements with necessary corrections
    • Optical measurement techniques using tacheometers
    • Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) tools and total stations

    This module emphasizes the importance of precision in measurements, exploring various methods to ensure accurate data collection in surveying practices.

  • Module 12 Lecture 1 Surveying
    Dr. Bharat Lohani

    In this module, students will delve into the measurement of elevations. Topics include:

    • Understanding various terms related to height determination
    • Different types of spirit leveling and their applications
    • Data booking and reduction, including permissible closing errors
    • Contouring methods and their importance in mapping

    This comprehensive overview equips students to effectively determine and utilize elevation data in practical surveying scenarios.

  • Module 12 Lecture 2 Surveying
    Dr. Bharat Lohani

    This module focuses on the measurement of directions and angles, covering essential topics such as:

    • Bearings and angles in surveying
    • Compass surveying techniques and adjustments for local attractions
    • Types and uses of theodolites
    • Methods of observation and data recording

    Students will learn how to accurately measure directions and angles, critical for effective surveying practices.

  • Module 12 Lecture 3 Surveying
    Dr. Bharat Lohani

    This module provides insights into traversing, triangulation, and trilateration. Key topics include:

    • Purpose and classification of traversing methods
    • Balancing traverses and computing coordinates
    • Triangulation networks and their fieldwork requirements
    • Trigonometrical leveling techniques

    Students will explore the practical applications of these methods in surveying and the importance of inter-visibility among stations.