This module introduces the contentious debate around redistributive taxation and individual freedom. The first part humorously engages with libertarian perspectives, likening taxation to forced labor, while the second part prompts students to defend or challenge this notion. Arguments include the ethical implications of wealth distribution in society and whether the wealthy owe anything to the community. Students are encouraged to critically analyze the moral obligations of individuals within a society that operates on a progressive tax system.
This module introduces the complex moral implications of murder through hypothetical scenarios. Students are confronted with a challenging ethical question: Is it justifiable to kill one person to save five others? Following this, the module explores the case of cannibalism, using the principles of utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham to analyze a historical shipwreck incident where survival was prioritized over morality. Through these discussions, students engage deeply with the nuances of moral reasoning.
This module tackles the controversial topic of assigning value to human life through cost-benefit analysis, a principle derived from utilitarianism. Students examine real-world cases where lives have been quantified, leading to debates around the morality of valuing happiness and welfare through monetary means. The second part introduces J.S. Mill's refinements to utilitarianism, defending its compatibility with individual rights and distinguishing between higher and lower pleasures. Students will engage in discussions comparing various forms of entertainment to assess which provides greater pleasure.
This module introduces the contentious debate around redistributive taxation and individual freedom. The first part humorously engages with libertarian perspectives, likening taxation to forced labor, while the second part prompts students to defend or challenge this notion. Arguments include the ethical implications of wealth distribution in society and whether the wealthy owe anything to the community. Students are encouraged to critically analyze the moral obligations of individuals within a society that operates on a progressive tax system.
This module explores John Locke's philosophy regarding natural rights, including the rights to life, liberty, and property. It begins with Locke's assertion that these rights cannot be surrendered or taken away. The second part raises critical questions about government authority and taxation, discussing whether citizens give 'tacit consent' to obey laws by choosing to live in a governed society. Students will reflect on the philosophical implications of consent and the obligations that arise from living within a community.
This module addresses the moral implications of conscription and economic disparities during times of war. Through the historical context of the Civil War, students discuss the fairness of allowing wealthier individuals to avoid service by hiring substitutes. This sets the stage for a broader discussion on contemporary volunteer armies and issues of inequality in service. The second part pivots to reproductive rights, exploring the ethics surrounding the sale of human life via egg and sperm donation and the infamous "Baby M" case. It invites students to examine the morality of commodifying parenthood and the complexities of informed consent.
This module presents the philosophical ideas of Immanuel Kant, who argues against utilitarianism by emphasizing the significance of duty and moral worth. The first part examines Kant's belief that actions possess moral value only when performed out of duty, rather than self-interest. The second part elaborates on Kant's principle that true morality arises when individuals act with respect for their own dignity and that of others. Through engaging stories and examples, students are encouraged to challenge their own motivations and explore the deeper meanings of ethical actions.
This module continues to explore Kantâs ideas by examining the implications of lying and honesty. Kant posits that lying undermines dignity and moral duty. Through a hypothetical scenario involving protecting a friend from harm, students are prompted to debate the morality of lying in critical situations. The second part introduces John Rawls, who presents a modern view of justice through the lens of fairness and agreement, inviting students to consider how principles of justice can be established when individuals possess varying levels of power.
This module delves into questions of fairness and meritocracy, introducing John Rawls' arguments surrounding distributive justice. The first part discusses the notion of a "fair start," emphasizing that innate advantages can skew meritocratic systems. Rawls argues that true fairness requires addressing arbitrary advantages, such as birth order. The second part critiques societal pay disparities by comparing salaries across professions, prompting discussions about what constitutes fairness in compensation. Students are encouraged to reflect on the implications of Rawls' theories in contemporary society.
This module tackles the contentious issue of affirmative action, using the case of Cheryl Hopwood as a springboard for discussion. Students analyze the complexities of rights and fairness in educational admissions, debating the merits and drawbacks of affirmative action policies. The second part introduces Aristotle's perspective, which emphasizes the importance of purpose in distribution. This philosophical approach invites students to consider the moral implications of fitting individuals to roles based on virtue, prompting discussions on the purpose of societal roles and justice.
This module centers on the qualities of a good citizen and the purpose of political communities, drawing from Aristotle's philosophy. The first part discusses the idea that the state should promote virtues among its citizens, examining the case of Casey Martin and the debate around accessibility in sports. The second part questions how individual freedoms align with societal roles, particularly in light of Aristotle's historical views on hierarchy and fit. Students are prompted to critically assess the implications of these ideas on modern concepts of citizenship and personal choice.
This module addresses the obligations and loyalties that shape our moral landscape, examining the balance between community and universal duties. The first part discusses communitarianism, focusing on inherited obligations that extend beyond mere consent. Students explore the conflicts that arise when community loyalties clash with universal human rights. The second part dives into the ethics of patriotism, posing questions about whether we owe greater allegiance to fellow citizens over global citizens. This module encourages students to reflect on their own identities and the moral implications of their loyalties.
This module culminates the course with a critical examination of same-sex marriage and the underlying moral principles that shape justice. The first part engages students in a passionate debate about the legality of same-sex marriage, addressing varying perspectives on morality and the purpose of marriage itself. The second part emphasizes the necessity for governments to engage with moral questions, advocating for a politics of the common good that embraces diverse moral convictions. Students are encouraged to reflect on how contemporary issues require moral deliberation within civic discourse.