Lecture

Basic Transmission Genetics

This module delves into the mechanisms of genetic transmission, which is crucial for understanding evolution. Key points include:

  • The structure and function of DNA as the coding material for organisms.
  • The role of chromosomes and genes in encoding proteins.
  • The processes of asexual reproduction through mitosis and sexual reproduction through meiosis.

Students will also explore the importance of RNA in these processes and how genetic transmission influences evolutionary dynamics.


Course Lectures
  • This module provides a comprehensive overview of evolutionary biology, focusing on both microevolution and macroevolution. It highlights:

    • The historical context of evolutionary theory, predating Darwin.
    • The mechanisms of evolution, including natural selection and random drift.
    • The timeline of life on Earth, tracing back approximately 3.7 billion years.

    Students will learn how these components interact to shape the diversity of life.

  • Basic Transmission Genetics
    Stephen C Stearns

    This module delves into the mechanisms of genetic transmission, which is crucial for understanding evolution. Key points include:

    • The structure and function of DNA as the coding material for organisms.
    • The role of chromosomes and genes in encoding proteins.
    • The processes of asexual reproduction through mitosis and sexual reproduction through meiosis.

    Students will also explore the importance of RNA in these processes and how genetic transmission influences evolutionary dynamics.

  • This module focuses on adaptive evolution driven by natural selection. Students will learn about:

    • The concept of "reproduction of the fittest" versus "survival of the fittest."
    • The different speeds of evolutionary change based on selection strength.
    • The types of natural selection: directional, stabilizing, and disruptive.

    Additionally, students will examine the roles of frequency-dependent selection and sexual selection in shaping evolution.

  • This module examines neutral evolution, where genes do not undergo natural selection. Key topics include:

    • The concept of genetic drift and its role in evolution.
    • How mutations can lead to neutrality in genotype without phenotypic effects.
    • The use of neutral genes as molecular clocks for determining evolutionary relationships.

    Students will explore the implications of neutrality in the phylogenetic tree of life.

  • This module discusses how selection alters the genetic composition of populations. Key aspects include:

    • The four major genetic systems influenced by selection.
    • The dynamics of adaptive genetic change over time.
    • The factors affecting gene frequency changes in large populations.

    Students will gain insights into how genetics influences evolutionary processes and population dynamics.

  • This module focuses on the origin and maintenance of genetic variation within populations. It covers:

    • The role of mutations in introducing new traits.
    • How selection eliminates less advantageous traits over time.
    • The impact of sexual recombination on genetic diversity.

    Additionally, students will explore how population size can influence genetic diversity and rates of evolution.

  • This module addresses the significance of development in evolution. Key topics include:

    • The mapping of genotype to phenotype in multicellular organisms.
    • Ancient developmental patterns shared among related species.
    • The combinatorial nature of development, allowing diverse expressions of genetic information.

    Students will learn how developmental processes influence evolutionary outcomes.

  • This module explores reaction norms, illustrating how environmental factors influence phenotypic expression. Students will focus on:

    • The range of phenotypes produced by a single genotype across various environments.
    • The phylogenetic constraints that shape reaction norms.
    • Variability in traits among individuals within populations.

    Understanding reaction norms is crucial for grasping how organisms adapt to their environments.

  • The Evolution of Sex
    Stephen C Stearns

    This module investigates the evolution of sex, discussing its advantages and challenges. Key topics include:

    • Theories explaining the prevalence of sexual reproduction.
    • Benefits of sex, such as spreading advantageous mutations and facilitating pathogen resistance.
    • Costs associated with sexual reproduction, including mate finding and increased predation risk.

    Students will analyze why sex remains a dominant reproductive strategy despite its costs.

  • Genomic Conflict
    Stephen C Stearns

    This module focuses on genomic conflict, where different genomic elements have competing interests. Key points include:

    • Situations leading to genomic conflict, such as asymmetrical inheritance.
    • Examples of conflict within cells and between organisms.
    • Strategies developed to mitigate genomic conflict in sexual species.

    Students will understand the implications of genomic conflict for evolutionary biology.

  • Life History Evolution
    Stephen C Stearns

    This module covers life history evolution, focusing on the trade-offs organisms face. Key concepts include:

    • Three main classes of life history traits: maturity, offspring, and lifespan.
    • Trade-offs that arise from ecological pressures.
    • How life history traits contribute to evolutionary equilibria.

    Students will explore how these traits reflect adaptations to ecological challenges.

  • Sex Allocation
    Stephen C Stearns

    This module discusses sex allocation, the reproductive investment decisions of organisms. Key points include:

    • Optimal sex ratios in various conditions.
    • Sequential and simultaneous hermaphroditism in different species.
    • Environmental influences on sex allocation strategies.

    Students will analyze how sex allocation affects reproductive success and population dynamics.

  • Sexual Selection
    Stephen C Stearns

    This module focuses on sexual selection as a key component of natural selection. Topics include:

    • The trade-off between mating success and survival.
    • Sexual dimorphism and its evolutionary significance.
    • Intersexual and intrasexual selection mechanisms.

    Students will learn how sexual selection shapes behaviors and traits in different species.

  • Species and Speciation
    Stephen C Stearns

    This module covers species and the process of speciation. Key concepts include:

    • Definitions of species based on reproductive isolation and phylogenetic similarities.
    • The mechanisms driving speciation, including geographical and ecological factors.
    • The stages of speciation from populations to distinct species.

    Students will gain insights into biodiversity and the complexity of species formation.

  • Phylogeny and Systematics
    Stephen C Stearns

    This module examines phylogeny and systematics, focusing on constructing the Tree of Life. Key topics include:

    • The importance of genetic information in determining relationships among species.
    • Criteria for constructing phylogenetic trees: simplicity and probability.
    • How morphological similarities can sometimes mislead phylogenetic analysis.

    Students will learn to critically assess the evolutionary relationships among organisms.

  • This module discusses comparative methods in analyzing trees, maps, and traits. Key aspects include:

    • Connecting phylogenetic information to geographical histories.
    • Using molecular genetics to trace human migration and roots.
    • Determining ancestral trait states and their implications for biological understanding.

    Students will appreciate how comparative methods enhance our understanding of evolution and adaptation.

  • Key Events in Evolution
    Stephen C Stearns

    This module explores key events in evolution that have shaped life on Earth. Topics include:

    • New hierarchical levels of selection and their impact.
    • Symbiosis and specialization in evolutionary history.
    • Conflict resolution and information transmission in biological systems.

    Students will understand how these events frame our understanding of evolution.

  • This module focuses on major geological events and their impact on evolution. Key aspects include:

    • The oxygenation of the atmosphere and its effects on life.
    • Mass extinctions and their role in shaping biodiversity.
    • Tectonic drift and geological disasters' influence on evolutionary trajectories.

    Students will learn to connect geological processes with biological evolution.

  • This module discusses the fossil record and its significance in understanding life's history. Key topics include:

    • The fossil record's role in revealing long-term evolutionary patterns.
    • How extinctions create ecological opportunities for new species.
    • The trends of life forms evolving from small beginnings to larger sizes.

    Students will appreciate how fossils contribute to our understanding of evolution.

  • Coevolution
    Stephen C Stearns

    This module investigates coevolution and its implications across different biological levels. Key points include:

    • Examples of coevolution at the organelle level, such as mitochondria.
    • The role of coevolution in shaping interactions among species.
    • Factors influencing coevolution, including interaction frequency.

    Students will learn how coevolution affects biodiversity and ecological dynamics.

  • Evolutionary Medicine
    Stephen C Stearns

    This module covers the role of evolution in medicine, emphasizing its implications for health. Key topics include:

    • The influence of evolutionary principles on human physiology.
    • Pathogen evolution and its impact on treatment efficacy.
    • The balance between virulence and transmission in pathogens.

    Students will gain insights into how evolutionary thought can inform medical practices.

  • This module explores the impact of evolutionary thought on social sciences. Key points include:

    • The potential for an evolutionary transition in human organization.
    • Conflicts between individual and group selection.
    • Examples of altruism and selfishness as evolutionary traits.

    Students will analyze how evolutionary perspectives can explain modern societal tensions.

  • The Logic of Science
    Stephen C Stearns

    This module discusses the logic of science, drawing connections between science and philosophy. Key topics include:

    • Evolution of ideas about the nature of science over time.
    • Lessons from philosophy regarding creativity and falsifiability.
    • The boundaries and limits of scientific inquiry.

    Students will reflect on the philosophical underpinnings of scientific thought.

  • This module examines climate's role in shaping the distribution of life on Earth. Key topics include:

    • The influence of temperature, water, latitude, and altitude on biomes.
    • Similar climatic conditions leading to analogous life forms.
    • How large-scale weather patterns affect ecosystems and habitats.

    Students will understand the critical relationship between climate and biodiversity.

  • This module investigates interactions between species and their physical environments. Key points include:

    • The concept of environmental ranges for species.
    • Adaptations species employ to thrive within their preferred ranges.
    • Differences in adaptations between plants and animals.

    Students will explore how species manipulate their environments to optimize survival.

  • This module discusses population growth and the effects of density on growth rates. Key topics include:

    • Factors limiting population growth, such as predators and resources.
    • The role of population density in determining interaction probabilities.
    • Mathematics of population growth using logarithmic and exponential models.

    Students will analyze how density-dependent factors influence population dynamics.

  • Interspecific Competition
    Stephen C Stearns

    This module examines interspecific competition and its effects on selection. Key points include:

    • The impact of competition among different species versus within species.
    • Positive, neutral, and negative effects of species interactions on fitness.
    • How competition shapes evolutionary dynamics and ecological communities.

    Students will explore the complexities of interspecific interactions and their evolutionary implications.

  • Ecological Communities
    Stephen C Stearns

    This module provides an overview of ecological communities and their dynamics. Key aspects include:

    • The evolution of ecological community concepts over the past forty years.
    • The classical view of niche packing versus modern views emphasizing trophic cascades.
    • The importance of predation and food webs in ecosystem functioning.

    Students will gain insights into the complexities of ecological interactions and community structure.

  • This module focuses on island biogeography and the impact of invasive species. Key points include:

    • The significance of geographical features in shaping species distributions.
    • Theories of island biogeography and metapopulation dynamics.
    • The implications of metapopulations for conservation and disease studies.

    Students will analyze how geography influences biodiversity and species interactions.

  • This module examines energy and matter flows in ecosystems. Key topics include:

    • The movement of energy from producers to consumers and decomposers.
    • The cycles of essential compounds, such as carbon and nitrogen.
    • The importance of understanding energy flow for ecosystem health.

    Students will explore the interconnectedness of energy and matter in sustaining life.

  • This module investigates factors affecting biodiversity, addressing ecological, economic, evolutionary, and personal perspectives. Key points include:

    • Ecological viewpoints on the necessity of diversity for ecosystem function.
    • Economic assessments of nature's services to humanity.
    • Evolutionary insights into human dominance and biodiversity.
    • Personal values and emotional connections to biodiversity.

    Students will gain a multifaceted understanding of biodiversity's value and importance.

  • This module focuses on economic decisions made by foraging individuals. Topics include:

    • Behaviors of organisms while foraging for food and mates.
    • Complexities in foraging strategies among higher organisms.
    • The role of marginal cost and benefit analyses in foraging behavior.

    Students will analyze how organisms optimize foraging decisions based on environmental conditions.

  • This module applies evolutionary game theory to the study of fighting and contests. Key concepts include:

    • Analyzing encounters as mathematical games to derive key fitness payoffs.
    • The concept of strategies within populations and their proportions.
    • The usefulness and limitations of game theory models in understanding behavior.

    Students will explore how game theory provides insights into evolutionary dynamics and animal behavior.

  • This module explores mating systems and parental care across species. Key points include:

    • Diversity in parental care behaviors and protection of offspring.
    • How environmental and behavioral dynamics shape parental strategies.
    • The influence of mating systems on the process of parental care.

    Students will analyze how reproductive strategies affect offspring survival and species dynamics.

  • This module discusses alternative breeding strategies among and within species. Key topics include:

    • Differences in breeding strategies among males and females of the same species.
    • Frequency dependence in breeding strategies at evolutionary equilibrium.
    • Variability in strategies observed at the gamete and organism level.

    Students will explore how alternative strategies affect fitness and reproductive success.

  • Selfishness and Altruism
    Stephen C Stearns

    This module examines selfishness and altruism in the context of natural selection. Key points include:

    • The historical view of altruism's compatibility with natural selection.
    • Current explanations for how altruism can enhance individual fitness.
    • Concepts of kin selection and ecological constraints influencing altruistic behaviors.

    Students will analyze the evolutionary significance of altruism and its role in social dynamics.